Turning inserts (typical characteristics)

• Geometry: often rhombic, triangular or square shapes with a hole for secure clamping; designed for single-point or multi-edge turning holders.

• Relief/clearance: ISO codes allow “negative” (0°) and positive relief options — negative inserts (0°) are stronger for heavy cuts; positive relief are sharper and cut easier for finishing.

• Edge use: many turning inserts are double- or multi-sided (indexed) to maximize edge count. Walter ToolsTravers Tool

Milling inserts (typical characteristics)

• Geometry: come in a wider variety (round, square, triangular, wavy, step-style) to fit different cutter bodies; edge exposure and mounting must resist centrifugal and bending loads.

• Mounting: clamped into a pocket on a rotating cutter (face, shell or end mills) where balance, seat fit and screw torque are critical.

• Multi-edge & chip-splitting: many milling inserts are designed with chip-splitters and wiper edges to tolerate higher feedrates and intermittent cutting. KennametalSandvik Coromant

ISO 1832 standardizes an insert designation so you can order the exact geometry (shape, clearance, tolerance, size, thickness, nose radius). The code format differs slightly for turning vs milling but the idea is the same: letters first (shape, relief, tolerance) then numbers for size and radius. ISOWalter Tools

Turning example — decode CNMG 120408

• C = 80° rhombic (shape).

• N = 0° clearance (negative insert).

• M = tolerance / designation (medium class in this position for turning).

• G = profile/type (often indicates ground planar cutting edge or chipbreaker family per manufacturer).

• 12 = inscribed circle (IC) size ≈ 12.7 mm.

• 04 = thickness code (≈ 4.76 mm).

• 08 = nose radius 0.8 mm.
  This ISO-style breakdown is documented in the ISO 1832 designation key and manufacturer designation tables. Walter ToolsIteh Standards

Milling example — decode R390-17 04 04M-PM (typical form)

• R = round insert (shape used by many milling systems).

• 390 = body / cutter family (example: 90° cutter code, manufacturer-dependent sizing).

• 17 = insert width/other dimensional code.

• 04 = thickness (4.76 mm) and 04M may show corner radius or application range; PM can map to primary application (P = steel, M = medium machining).
  Milling codes vary across manufacturers but are rooted in ISO geometry fields; always check the cutter maker’s nomenclature sheet for exact interpretation. KennametalRS Components

Practical tip: use the ISO code to match shape + clearance + size + radius — then consult the manufacturer datasheet to match the chipbreaker and grade (chipbreakers & coatings are not fully standardized in ISO).

• PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition): thin, hard layers (TiN, TiCN, AlTiN variants) applied at lower temperatures. PVD coatings preserve a sharper edge and are excellent for finishing or materials where edge sharpness matters. Sandvik Coromant

• CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition): thicker, high-temperature coatings that give strong thermal and abrasion protection — often better for abrasive or high-speed roughing in cast iron or certain steels, but require a tougher substrate because of the high application temperature. EnexHarvey Performance Company

How that maps to turning vs milling: both operations use PVD and CVD grades, but milling (higher engagement, interrupted cuts) may favor tougher CVD or special multi-layer PVD grades for heavy duty roughing, while finishing passes (turning or milling) often take advantage of sharp PVD finishes and cermet options. Always match grade charts to your workpiece material and operation. Sandvik Coromant

• Chipbreakers shape and break the chip so it doesn’t tangle, re-cut, or cause heat spots — crucial for both milling and turning. Effective chip control reduces crater wear and improves heat evacuation. Manufacturers provide chipbreaker maps keyed to feed and depth-of-cut. MSC Industrial Direct

• Edge prep / honing & T-lands: strengthen the cutting edge against micro-chipping and notch wear. Use a honed edge for interrupted cuts and a sharper edge for ultra-finish operations.

(Practical note: chipbreaker geometry is manufacturer-specific — ISO codes won’t tell you the exact chipbreaker shape, so always consult the maker’s product sheet.)

Step-by-step: choose the correct insert for your job

1. Identify operation & material: turning vs milling? steel, stainless, cast iron, aluminum, titanium? (ISO material categories: P, M, K, N, S, H). Walter Tools

2. Decode the ISO geometry you need: shape, clearance, IC, thickness, radius (use ISO 1832 key). Walter Tools

3. Select chipbreaker matched to feed & DOC: use the manufacturer’s chipbreaker map. MSC Industrial Direct

4. Pick coating/grade: PVD for finishing/sharp edges; CVD for abrasive/high-temperature roughing — verify the grade chart for the material. Sandvik CoromantEnex

5. Ensure correct toolholding & clamping: clean seat, correct torque, minimize runout/overhang for milling cutters; negative/positive seating for turning as needed. Improper clamping causes uneven wear and chipping. Travers Tool

6. Start with manufacturer recommended cutting data and log tool life to tune speeds/feeds. Sandvik Coromant